They should therefore be studied together and at multiple scales from households and village levels and up to district, provincial and regional levels to understand the drivers and the impacts of the on‐going agrarian transition.

Preliminary results from EFICAS field studies show that the recent past intensification through monoculture, road construction and use of pesticide tended to increase both environmental and economic
vulnerabilities, by land degradation, indebtedness and investing in a single outlet (i.e. hybrid maize).

The first household differentiation model showed that in swidden system, an initial phase of capital accumulation is necessary before engaging in diversification and capital securing through livestock raising.